A | 据《北京时间》1月9日报道，第一批登上火星的宇航员面临的最大障碍之一是缺水。人们需要水来喝，农作物需要水来生长，甚至制造火箭燃料返回地球。因此，缺乏可用的液态水是人类登陆火星的主要障碍。 A dark money group called the Resources Legacy Fund (RLF) that was awarded grant money by the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation provided funds to a law firm linked to “climate nuisance lawsuits” across the United States, Fox News reports, citing findings made by the watchdog group Government Accountability & Oversight (GAO).,According to the media outlet, GAO managed to obtain emails that were exchanged between major philanthropist Dan Emmett and Ann Carlson, a climate professor at UCLA, in 2017 when they were working with a law firm called Sher Edling to raise money for the firm’s efforts to sue oil companies on behalf of state and local governments.,In their correspondence, Emmett and Carlson mention how Sher Edling’s director of strategic client relationships Chuck Savitt received help from Terry Tamminen in the latter’s capacity (at the time) as CEO of the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation.,"Chuck Savitt who is heading this new organization behind the lawsuits has been seeking our support," Emmett wrote in one of the emails to Carlson. "Terry Tamminen in his new role with the DiCaprio Foundation has been a key supporter.”,He also forwarded a message to Carlson that Savitt had sent him a few days prior.,"Wanted to let you know that we filed the first three lawsuits supported by the Collective Action Fund on Monday," Savitt wrote in the missive. "These precedent setting cases call on 37 of the world's leading fossil fuel companies to take responsibility for the devastating damage sea level rise - caused by their greenhouse gas emissions - is having on coastal communities.",Con Artists Swindle Woman Out of Over $800,000 via 'Leonardo DiCaprio & Scientology' Scheme12 May, 18:57 GMT,As the media outlet points out, the Collective Action Fund for Accountability, Resilience and Adaptation was managed at the time by the RLF, and two months before the aforementioned correspondence was exchanged, the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation announced that they would contribute some $20 million in grants to various climate and conservation causes, with one of the recipients of those grants being the RLF.,The said grant was awarded to the dark money group "to support precedent-setting legal actions to hold major corporations in the fossil fuel industry liable," Fox notes, adding that the announcement has since been deleted (although it remains archived).,Between 2017 and 2020, the RLF reportedly provided more than $5.2 million to Sher Edling, with the dark money group’s spokesman Mark Kleinman telling Fox that they had provided grants to the firm so the latter would “pursue charitable activities to hold fossil fuel companies accountable for the accuracy of information they had disseminated to consumers and the public about the role their products played in causing climate change.",Since 2017, Sher Edling has sued major oil companies on behalf of both state and local governments in the United States, alleging that the said companies have "deceived the public about climate change," with most of these lawsuits currently being ongoing, the media outlet adds.。
B | 但是火星上有很多冰。
C | 美国宇航局的一项新研究表明，我们可以在冰上钻孔，以获得足够的水来维持火星上的人类生命。去年，在火星表面下发现了冰川，这一重大发现为第一批宇航员登陆火星提供了“取之不尽，用之不竭”的水。研究人员说，在火星上的8个地方发现了地下冰川，有些位于地表以下几英尺（1米）的深处，还有一些位于地表以下100米或更深处。研究人员分析了火星勘测轨道飞行器收集的数据，发现地下冰川的成分“几乎是纯冰”。美国宇航局的一项研究模拟了钻冰和融化冰从冰川中取水的过程。
D | 德克萨斯州航空航天公司（Aerospace Corporation）的高级执行官斯蒂芬霍夫曼（Stephen Hoffman）领导的研究人员说：“火星表面曾经有很多水，但现在人们一致认为火星表面非常干燥。几项研究表明，火星的许多地方都有丰富的水资源，包括那些被认为是人类在火星上登陆的替代着陆点的地方。如果这些水资源可以用于载人登陆火星，那么执行这些任务的方式将发生巨大变化。研究小组考虑使用一个名为罗德井的水库，这个水库是在20世纪60年代发明的，并被用于在偏远地区提供水源，例如阿蒙森-斯科特南极勘测站。
E | 研究小组写道：“对现有的从地下冰川中提取水的技术进行评估，我们发现了一种可以从火星中提取水的技术：在火星冰川覆盖的表面上钻孔，加热冰以形成地下水库。”罗德井的原理是从表面钻孔，钻孔进入冰中，通过融化冰形成一个水库，然后从水库中提取水。通过不断加热储液罐，可以获得稳定的液态水。在火星上，一口罗德井一天能产生380升的水。这相当于美国人每天人均用水量，但大约是国际空间站宇航员用水量的10倍。研究人员说，火星探测器可以改装成具有钻井能力。
F | 根据最近在《科学》杂志上发表的一篇文章，尽管冰在火星上早已为人所知，但更好地了解冰的深度和分布对于未来载人登陆火星至关重要。亚利桑那大学月球和行星实验室的研究员肖恩·伯恩说：“水对任何地方的人来说都是必不可少的，随身携带是非常不方便的。”“以前，我们设想在火星上获取水的方法是从空气或岩石中获取水，”伯恩说。
G | 现在，我们想象从火星表面以下的冰中获取水。不需要高科技的解决方案，只要一桶水就够了。水源靠近火星上的人类登陆点，而不是极地。火星南半球和北半球有地下冰川，纬度在55到58度之间。研究人员认为，这些冰川形成相对较晚，因为其表面相对平坦，没有受到其他天体撞击形成的撞击坑。冰川靠近极地地区，火星上的冬天非常寒冷，不适合人类长期生存。
H | 但是，如果能在这些冰川上钻一口井，研究人员将对火星气候的演变和生命的可能性有一个很好的了解。
I |
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